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Possible Answers:
SPARTA.
Last seen on: Wall Street Journal Crossword – October 17 2022 – Mental Gymnastics
Random information on the term “SPARTA”:
The ephors were elected leaders of ancient Sparta, and its colonies of Taras and Heraclea, and shared power with the two Spartan kings. The word “ephors” (Ancient Greek ἔφοροι éphoroi, plural form of ἔφορος éphoros) comes from the Ancient Greek ἐπί epi, “on” or “over”, and ὁράω horaō, “to see”, i.e., “one who oversees” or “overseer”. The ephors were a council of five Spartan men elected annually who swore an oath monthly on the behalf of the state. The Spartan kings, however, would swear on behalf of themselves.
The ephors did not have to kneel before the Kings of Sparta, and were held in high esteem by the citizens because of the importance of their powers and because of the holy role that they earned throughout their functions.
The origin of the ephorate is contested. According to Herodotus, the institution was created by Lycurgus after the Pythia dictated the constitution of Sparta to him. Another account by Plutarch states that the first ephors were appointed much later by Theopompus. Also according to Plutarch, the ephorate was born out of the necessity for leaders while the kings of Sparta were absent for long periods during the Messenian Wars. The ephors were elected by the popular assembly, and all citizens were eligible. The position of ephor was the only political office open to the whole damos (populace) of men between the ages of 30–60, so eligible Spartans highly sought after the position. They were forbidden to be re-elected and provided a balance for the two kings, who rarely co-operated. Plato called the ephors tyrants, who ran Sparta as despots while the kings were little more than generals. Up to two ephors would accompany a king on extended military campaigns as a sign of control, and they held the authority to declare war during some periods in Spartan history.